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JeffVJeffV

27 Answers

Use the bitwise OR operator () to set a bit.

That will set the nth bit of number. n should be zero, if you want to set the 1st bit and so on upto n-1, if you want to set the nth bit.

Use 1ULL if number is wider than unsigned long; promotion of 1UL << n doesn't happen until after evaluating 1UL << n where it's undefined behaviour to shift by more than the width of a long. The same applies to all the rest of the examples.

Use the bitwise AND operator (&) to clear a bit.

That will clear the nth bit of number. You must invert the bit string with the bitwise NOT operator (~), then AND it.

The XOR operator (^) can be used to toggle a bit.

That will toggle the nth bit of number.

You didn't ask for this, but I might as well add it.

To check a bit, shift the number n to the right, then bitwise AND it:

That will put the value of the nth bit of number into the variable bit.

Setting the nth bit to either 1 or 0 can be achieved with the following on a 2's complement C++ implementation:

Bit n will be set if x is 1, and cleared if x is 0. If x has some other value, you get garbage. x = !!x will booleanize it to 0 or 1.

To make this independent of 2's complement negation behaviour (where -1 has all bits set, unlike on a 1's complement or sign/magnitude C++ implementation), use unsigned negation.

or

It's generally a good idea to use unsigned types for portable bit manipulation.

or

(number & ~(1UL << n)) will clear the nth bit and (x << n) will set the nth bit to x.

It's also generally a good idea to not to copy/paste code in general and so many people use preprocessor macros (like the community wiki answer further down) or some sort of encapsulation.

Jeremy RutenJeremy Ruten

Using the Standard C++ Library: std::bitset<N>.

Or the Boost version: boost::dynamic_bitset.

There is no need to roll your own:

The Boost version allows a runtime sized bitset compared with a standard library compile-time sized bitset.

Peter MortensenMartin YorkMartin York

The other option is to use bit fields:

defines a 3-bit field (actually, it's three 1-bit felds). Bit operations now become a bit (haha) simpler:

To set or clear a bit:

To toggle a bit:

Checking a bit:

This only works with fixed-size bit fields. Otherwise you have to resort to the bit-twiddling techniques described in previous posts.

FerruccioFerruccio

I use macros defined in a header file to handle bit set and clear:

It is sometimes worth using an enum to name the bits:

Then use the names later on. I.e. write

to set, clear and test. This way you hide the magic numbers from the rest of your code.

Other than that I endorse Jeremy's solution.

jfsdmckeedmckee

From snip-c.zip's bitops.h:

OK, let's analyze things..

The common expression that you seem to be having problems with in all of these is '(1L << (posn))'. All this does is create a mask with a single bit onand which will work with any integer type. The 'posn' argument specifies theposition where you want the bit. If posn0, then this expression willevaluate to:

If posn8, it will evaluate to:

In other words, it simply creates a field of 0's with a 1 at the specifiedposition. The only tricky part is in the BitClr() macro where we need to seta single 0 bit in a field of 1's. This is accomplished by using the 1'scomplement of the same expression as denoted by the tilde (~) operator.

Once the mask is created it's applied to the argument just as you suggest,by use of the bitwise and (&), or ( ), and xor (^) operators. Since the maskis of type long, the macros will work just as well on char's, short's, int's,or long's.

The bottom line is that this is a general solution to an entire class ofproblems. It is, of course, possible and even appropriate to rewrite theequivalent of any of these macros with explicit mask values every time youneed one, but why do it? Remember, the macro substitution occurs in thepreprocessor and so the generated code will reflect the fact that the valuesare considered constant by the compiler - i.e. it's just as efficient to usethe generalized macros as to 'reinvent the wheel' every time you need to dobit manipulation.

Unconvinced? Here's some test code - I used Watcom C with full optimizationand without using _cdecl so the resulting disassembly would be as clean aspossible:

----[ TEST.C ]----------------------------------------------------------------

----[ TEST.OUT (disassembled) ]-----------------------------------------------

----[ finis ]-----------------------------------------------------------------

Felipe Augusto

Use the bitwise operators: &

To set last bit in 000b:

To check last bit in foo:

To clear last bit in foo:

I used XXXb for clarity. You'll probably be working with HEX representation, depending on the data structure in which you're packing bits.

Azeemnsandersnsanders

For the beginner I would like to explain a bit more with an example:

Example:

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The & operator is used check the bit:

Toggle or Flip:

operator: set the bit

Peter Mortensenkapildditkapilddit

Here's my favorite bit arithmetic macro, which works for any type of unsigned integer array from unsigned char up to size_t (which is the biggest type that should be efficient to work with):

To set a bit:

To clear a bit:

To toggle a bit:

To test a bit:

etc.

R.R.

The bitfield approach has other advantages in the embedded arena. You can define a struct that maps directly onto the bits in a particular hardware register.

You need to be aware of the bit packing order - I think it's MSB first, but this may be implementation-dependent. Also, verify how your compiler handlers fields crossing byte boundaries.

You can then read, write, test the individual values as before.

RoddyRoddy

As this is tagged 'embedded' I'll assume you're using a microcontroller. All of the above suggestions are valid & work (read-modify-write, unions, structs, etc.).

However, during a bout of oscilloscope-based debugging I was amazed to find that these methods have a considerable overhead in CPU cycles compared to writing a value directly to the micro's PORTnSET / PORTnCLEAR registers which makes a real difference where there are tight loops / high-frequency ISR's toggling pins.

For those unfamiliar: In my example, the micro has a general pin-state register PORTn which reflects the output pins, so doing PORTn = BIT_TO_SET results in a read-modify-write to that register. However, the PORTnSET / PORTnCLEAR registers take a '1' to mean 'please make this bit 1' (SET) or 'please make this bit zero' (CLEAR) and a '0' to mean 'leave the pin alone'. so, you end up with two port addresses depending whether you're setting or clearing the bit (not always convenient) but a much faster reaction and smaller assembled code.

John UJohn U

Check a bit at an arbitrary location in a variable of arbitrary type:

Sample usage:

Notes:This is designed to be fast (given its flexibility) and non-branchy. It results in efficient SPARC machine code when compiled Sun Studio 8; I've also tested it using MSVC++ 2008 on amd64. It's possible to make similar macros for setting and clearing bits. The key difference of this solution compared with many others here is that it works for any location in pretty much any type of variable.

John ZwinckJohn Zwinck

This program is to change any data bit from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0:

Peter Mortensen

If you're doing a lot of bit twiddling you might want to use masks which will make the whole thing quicker. The following functions are very fast and are still flexible (they allow bit twiddling in bit maps of any size).

Note, to set bit 'n' in a 16 bit integer you do the following:

It's up to you to ensure that the bit number is within the range of the bit map that you pass. Note that for little endian processors that bytes, words, dwords, qwords, etc., map correctly to each other in memory (main reason that little endian processors are 'better' than big-endian processors, ah, I feel a flame war coming on..).

Peter Mortensen

If you want to perform this all operation with C programming in the Linux kernel then I suggest to use standard APIs of the Linux kernel.

See https://www.kernel.org/doc/htmldocs/kernel-api/ch02s03.html

Note: Here the whole operation happens in a single step. So these all are guaranteed to be atomic even on SMP computers and are usefulto keep coherence across processors.

Peter MortensenJeegar PatelJeegar Patel

Visual C 2010, and perhaps many other compilers, have direct support for bit operations built in. Surprisingly, this works, even the sizeof() operator works properly.

So, to your question, IsGph[i] =1, or IsGph[i] =0 make setting and clearing bools easy.

To find unprintable characters:

Note there is nothing 'special' about this code. It treats a bit like an integer - which technically, it is. A 1 bit integer that can hold 2 values, and 2 values only.

I once used this approach to find duplicate loan records, where loan_number was the ISAM key, using the 6-digit loan number as an index into the bit array. Savagely fast, and after 8 months, proved that the mainframe system we were getting the data from was in fact malfunctioning. The simplicity of bit arrays makes confidence in their correctness very high - vs a searching approach for example.

Felipe Augusto

Use one of the operators as defined here.

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To set a bit, used int x = x 0x?; where ? is the bit position in binary form.

Fahim Parkar

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Variable used

value - Data
pos - position of the bit that we're interested to set, clear or toggle.

Set a bit:

Clear a bit:

Toggle a bit:

Felipe AugustoFelipe AugustoSazzad Hissain KhanSazzad Hissain Khan

How do you set, clear, and toggle a single bit?

To address a common coding pitfall when attempting to form the mask:
1 is not always wide enough

What problems happen when number is a wider type than 1?
x may be too great for the shift 1 << x leading to undefined behavior (UB). Even if x is not too great, ~ may not flip enough most-significant-bits.

To insure 1 is wide enough:

Code could use 1ull or pedantically (uintmax_t)1 and let the compiler optimize.

Or cast - which makes for coding/review/maintenance issues keeping the cast correct and up-to-date.

Or gently promote the 1 by forcing a math operation that is as least as wide as the type of number.

As with most bit manipulations, best to work with unsigned types rather than signed ones

chuxchux

Let suppose few things first
num = 55 Integer to perform bitwise operations (set, get, clear, toggle).
n = 4 0 based bit position to perform bitwise operations.

1. To get the nth bit of num right shift num, n times. Then perform bitwise AND & with 1.

How it works?

1. To set a particular bit of number. Left shift 1 n times. Then perform bitwise OR operation with num.

How it works?

1. Left shift 1, n times i.e. 1 << n.
2. Perform bitwise complement with the above result. So that the nth bit becomes unset and rest of bit becomes set i.e. ~ (1 << n).
3. Finally, perform bitwise AND & operation with the above result and num. The above three steps together can be written as num & (~ (1 << n));

How it works?

To toggle a bit we use bitwise XOR ^ operator. Bitwise XOR operator evaluates to 1 if corresponding bit of both operands are different, otherwise evaluates to 0.

Which means to toggle a bit, we need to perform XOR operation with the bit you want to toggle and 1.

How it works?

• If the bit to toggle is 0 then, 0 ^ 1 => 1.
• If the bit to toggle is 1 then, 1 ^ 1 => 0.

Recommended reading - Bitwise operator exercises

Try one of these functions in the C language to change n bit:

Or

Or

Peter Mortensen

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